Targeted photocatalytic whitening with LED/laser-activated hydrogen peroxide gels containing nitrogen-doped TiO<sub>2</sub>: A multi-study clinical analysis of efficacy, sensitivity, and energy optimization
| dc.coverage | DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104713 | |
| dc.creator | Pereira, Thais Campos | |
| dc.creator | Martín, Javier | |
| dc.creator | Kuga, Milton Carlos | |
| dc.creator | Basualdo, Javier | |
| dc.creator | Von Marttens, Alfredo | |
| dc.creator | Díaz, Leonardo | |
| dc.creator | Bersezio, Cristian | |
| dc.creator | Beltrán, Víctor | |
| dc.creator | Jorquera, Gilbert | |
| dc.creator | Fernández, Eduardo | |
| dc.creator | Rached, Andrea Abi | |
| dc.date | 2025 | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2025-11-18T19:44:31Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2025-11-18T19:44:31Z | |
| dc.description | <p>Objective: This study assessed the clinical efficacy, safety, and energy parameters of 6 % and 15 % hydrogen peroxide (HP) gels containing nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO₂), activated by dual-wavelength light sources. Materials and Methods: A pooled analysis was performed using data from six randomized controlled trials with harmonized protocols. All gels incorporated N-TiO₂ nanoparticles as visible-light-sensitive photocatalysts and were activated using a blue LED (450 ± 10 nm) and an infrared laser (808 ± 10 nm). Standardized dosimetric conditions were maintained (irradiance: 1528–1783 mW/cm²; total energy: 4300–6500 J). Clinical outcomes included spectrophotometric color change (ΔE), shade guide unit change (ΔSGU), and tooth sensitivity measured by visual analog scale (VAS). Results: Bleaching with 6 % HP + N-TiO₂ consistently achieved ΔE values >5.0, with low sensitivity scores (VAS < 1.0). The 15 % HP formulation showed slightly enhanced whitening (ΔE ≈ 6.5–8.9) with a modest increase in VAS. Long-term follow-up (12–24 months) confirmed sustained color stability and minimal rebound. There was no significant correlation between ΔE and VAS (r = 0.12, p = 0.81), suggesting effective bleaching without increased discomfort. Conclusions: LED/laser-activated gels containing N-TiO₂ offer effective and regulation-compliant whitening with significantly reduced sensitivity. The bleaching effect is attributed to wavelength-specific photocatalysis rather than heat. Clinical Significance: This study supports the use of light as a selective photochemical activator in peroxide-based bleaching, challenging generalizations that associate light with thermal sensitivity.</p> | eng |
| dc.identifier | https://investigadores.uandes.cl/en/publications/3dda6ad4-6bb5-446d-9e25-3e50edcb29df | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://repositorio.uandes.cl/handle/uandes/53444 | |
| dc.language | eng | |
| dc.rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | |
| dc.source | vol.55 (2025) p.104713 | |
| dc.subject | Dental phototherapy;Tooth sensitivity reduction | |
| dc.subject | Low-concentration hydrogen peroxide | |
| dc.subject | Nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (TiO₂_N) | |
| dc.subject | Photodynamic activation | |
| dc.subject | Photodynamic Therapy | |
| dc.subject | Tooth bleaching;LED/laser-assisted whitening | |
| dc.title | Targeted photocatalytic whitening with LED/laser-activated hydrogen peroxide gels containing nitrogen-doped TiO<sub>2</sub>: A multi-study clinical analysis of efficacy, sensitivity, and energy optimization | eng |
| dc.type | Article | eng |
| dc.type | Artículo | spa |